Do extra code style checks with flake8-bugbear

Flake8 Bugbear checks for some extra things that aren’t code style
errors, but are likely to introduce bugs or unexpected behaviour. A
good example is having mutable default function arguments, which get
shared between every call to the function and therefore mutating a value
in one place can unexpectedly cause it to change in another.

This commit enables all the extra warnings provided by Flake8 Bugbear,
except for:
- the line length one (because we already lint for that separately)
- B903 Data class should either be immutable or use `__slots__` because
  this seems to false-positive on some of our custom exceptions
- B902 Invalid first argument 'cls' used for instance method because
  some SQLAlchemy decorators (eg `declared_attr`) make things that
  aren’t formally class methods take a class not an instance as their
  first argument

It disables:
- _B306: BaseException.message is removed in Python 3_ because I think
  our exceptions have a custom structure that means the `.message`
  attribute is still present

Matches the work done in other repos:
- https://github.com/alphagov/notifications-admin/pull/3172/files

tests/app/user/test_rest_verify.py

@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ def test_send_sms_code_returns_404_for_bad_input_data(client):
 
 
 def test_send_sms_code_returns_204_when_too_many_codes_already_created(client, sample_user):
-    for i in range(10):
+    for _ in range(10):
         verify_code = VerifyCode(
             code_type='sms',
             _code=12345,