diff --git a/app/dao/users_dao.py b/app/dao/users_dao.py
index 44098b1a6..f50b70c45 100644
--- a/app/dao/users_dao.py
+++ b/app/dao/users_dao.py
@@ -31,7 +31,10 @@ def save_user_attribute(usr, update_dict=None):
 
 
 def save_model_user(
-    user, update_dict=None, password=None, validated_email_access=False
+    user,
+    update_dict=None,
+    password=None,
+    validated_email_access=False,
 ):
     if password:
         user.password = password
diff --git a/app/models.py b/app/models.py
index 4f228ed17..8144bc873 100644
--- a/app/models.py
+++ b/app/models.py
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ class User(db.Model):
     state = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False, default="pending")
     platform_admin = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
     current_session_id = db.Column(UUID(as_uuid=True), nullable=True)
-    auth_type = enum_column(AuthType, index=True, nullable=False, default=AuthType.SMS)
+    auth_type = enum_column(AuthType, index=True, nullable=False, default=AuthType.SMS.value)
     email_access_validated_at = db.Column(
         db.DateTime,
         index=False,
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ class EmailBranding(db.Model):
         BrandType,
         index=True,
         nullable=False,
-        default=BrandType.ORG,
+        default=BrandType.ORG.value,
     )
 
     def serialize(self):
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ class TemplateBase(db.Model):
             TemplateProcessType,
             index=True,
             nullable=False,
-            default=TemplateProcessType.NORMAL,
+            default=TemplateProcessType.NORMAL.value,
         )
 
     redact_personalisation = association_proxy(
@@ -1385,7 +1385,7 @@ class Job(db.Model):
         JobStatus,
         index=True,
         nullable=False,
-        default=JobStatus.PENDING,
+        default=JobStatus.PENDING.value,
     )
     archived = db.Column(db.Boolean, nullable=False, default=False)
 
@@ -1453,7 +1453,7 @@ class NotificationAllTimeView(db.Model):
         NotificationStatus,
         name="notification_status",
         nullable=True,
-        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED,
+        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED.value,
         key="status",
     )
     reference = db.Column(db.String)
@@ -1511,7 +1511,7 @@ class Notification(db.Model):
         NotificationStatus,
         name="notification_status",
         nullable=True,
-        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED,
+        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED.value,
         key="status",
     )
     reference = db.Column(db.String, nullable=True, index=True)
@@ -1788,7 +1788,7 @@ class NotificationHistory(db.Model, HistoryModel):
         NotificationStatus,
         name="notification_status",
         nullable=True,
-        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED,
+        default=NotificationStatus.CREATED.value,
         key="status",
     )
     reference = db.Column(db.String, nullable=True, index=True)
@@ -1856,11 +1856,11 @@ class InvitedUser(db.Model):
     status = enum_column(
         InvitedUserStatus,
         nullable=False,
-        default=InvitedUserStatus.PENDING,
+        default=InvitedUserStatus.PENDING.value,
     )
     permissions = db.Column(db.String, nullable=False)
-    auth_type = enum_column(AuthType, index=True, nullable=False, default=AuthType.SMS)
-    folder_permissions = db.Column(JSONB(none_as_null=True), nullable=False, default=[])
+    auth_type = enum_column(AuthType, index=True, nullable=False, default=AuthType.SMS.value)
+    folder_permissions = db.Column(JSONB(none_as_null=True), nullable=False, default=list)
 
     # would like to have used properties for this but haven't found a way to make them
     # play nice with marshmallow yet
@@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@ class InvitedOrganizationUser(db.Model):
     status = enum_column(
         InvitedUserStatus,
         nullable=False,
-        default=InvitedUserStatus.PENDING,
+        default=InvitedUserStatus.PENDING.value,
     )
 
     def serialize(self):