Accessibility audit uncovered issues screen-reader users would
have with autofocus on Notify pages. Autofocus can lead to
confusion for those types of users and make them miss parts
of the page.
Hence, we decided that autofocus will be turned off by default
for live-search component.
We decided to keep the autofocus on for live-search text box when:
1. the page is a task page - as opposed to browsing pages, where
user wonders freely, task pages have more established flow, so
page focusing on textbox can actually be helpful.
2. page does not have actionable elements above the autofocus.
It was missing the base class so didn’t get all the styling (like the
spacing and uppercase text).
Already fixed this for step 6, but less haste, more speed.
If you’re adding another area to your broadcast it’s likely to be close
to one of the areas you’ve already added.
But we make you start by choosing a library, then you have to find the
local authority again from the long list. This is clunky, and it
interrupts the task the user is trying to complete.
We thought about redirecting you somewhere deep into the hierarchy,
perhaps by sending you to either:
- the parent of the last area you’d chosen
- the common ancestor of all the areas you’d chosen
This approach would however mean you’d need a way to navigate back up
the hierarchy if we’d dropped you in the wrong place. And we don’t have
a pattern for that at the moment.
So instead this commit adds some ‘shortcuts’ to the chose library page,
giving you a choice of all the parents of the areas you’ve currently
selected. In most cases this will be one (unitary authority) or two
(county and district) choices, but it will scale to adding areas from
multiple different authorities.
It does mean an extra click compared to the redirect approach, but this
is still fewer, easier clicks compared to now.
This meant a couple of under-the-hood changes:
- making `BroadcastArea`s hashable so it’s possible to do
`set([BroadcastArea(…), BroadcastArea(…), BroadcastArea(…)])`
- making `BroadcastArea`s aware of which library they live in, so we can
link to the correct _Choose area_ page
previously the back link went to choosing a library.
Now, if you view a district from a county, go back to the county page.
Otherwise, go back to the top level of the library.
I’ve swapped the order of the first paragraph so it joins into one
sentence, and leads with ‘Notify has not broadcast your alert’ which
is the response to what the user has just done. I don’t think we need
to say ‘still’ because the idea is users will swap back and forth
between training and real depending on the situation.
For a training broadcast the user doesn’t get that immediate feedback
that something has happened, like they would with a real alert, or even
sending themselves a text message.
This commit adds another tour-style page which will interrupt their
journey and hopefully reinforce the message we’ve given them earlier in
the tour.
We’re adding this because we’ve found in research that users don’t have
a good grasp of the consequences and severity of emergency alerts,
versus regular text messages.
We need to give people a better feel for the consequences of
broadcasting an alert. We’ve seen in research that some users will
assume it is subscription based, or opt-in, rather than going to every
phone in the area.
I reckon that the most effective way to communicate this is to put some
numbers next to the areas, to give people an idea of how many people
will get alerted.
We can estimate how many phones are in an area by:
- taking the population of all electoral wards in that area
- multiplying it by the percentage of people who own an internet
connected phone[1]
The Office for National Statistics publish both these datasets.
The number of people who own an intenet connected phone varies a lot by
age. Since the population data for each ward is broken down by age we
can factor this in. Simplified, the calculation looks like this:
- take the _Abbey_ ward of _Barking and Dagenham_
- in this ward there are 26 people aged 80
- 40% of people over 65 have an internet-connected phone
- therefore 10 of these 80-year-olds would be likely to receive a
broadcast
- (repeat for all other ages)
These numbers won’t be exact, but should be enough to give people a feel
for the severity of what they’re about to do. We can see if they acheive
this aim in user research.
1. This is a proxy for the number of people who are likely to have a 4G
capable phone, because only 4G capable phones will be receiving
broadcasts to begin with
What was previously ward -> local authority is now a ward -> local
authority -> county. County only covers rural counties and not
metropolitan boroughs and other unitary authorities. Previously, there
was a page full of local authorities (unitary authorities and
districts), and each one of those would have a list of electoral wards.
However, now there are counties that contain a list of districts - so
this needs a new page - a checkbox for "select the county" and then a
list of links to district pages.
If you want to select multiple districts, you'll need to go into each
one of those sub-sections in turn and click select all.
Needed to tweak the query to retrieve the list of areas in a list for a
library. Previously, it just returned anything at top level (ie: didn't
have a parent). However, rural districts now have parents (the rural
counties themselves). So the query now returns "everything that isn't a
leaf node", or in more specific terms, everything that has at least
other row referring to it as a parent. So no electoral wards, since
they dont have any children, but yes to districts and counties.
Since the key relies on visual association between the shapes on the
maps and the styling of the key, it won’t work for non-visual users.
An alternative way of giving them the same information is by providing
the size of the area numerically.
To help people understand that broadcasting is not a precise technology,
we have shown the estimate bleed area on the map.
Because people aren’t familiar with the technology a visual only clue is
not enough. So this commit adds a key to the map, which explains what
the different outlines mean.
It also removes the sticky footer from this page to:
- make the key visible on the page
- make people scroll and review the map before they get to the big green
button
- not reduce the size of the map any further
This commit refines which information we show on each page.
Specifically we’re
- adding some wording (‘at exactly the same time’) to try to communicate
the immediacy
- giving the ‘loud noises’ message it’s own screen to really draw
attention to it
- moving the ‘no phone numbers bit’ later in the journey, and
experimenting with explaining why that is, to make it clearer how it’s
different to a text message
Because the ‘All of’ choice appears above the search field, it shouldn’t
be filtered by the search field.
We can fix this by wrapping the sub-areas in a `<div>` and make the
selector more specific.
We have a bunch of stuff for doing lat/long transformation in the
`BroadcastMessage` class. This is not a good separation of concerns, now
that we have a separate class for dealing with polygons and coordinates.
This commit does two things:
- uses our new polygon-simplifying library to process the polygons
before storing them, rather than processing them in real time
- stores only the polygons in the database, rather than the whole
GeoJSON feature, because we don’t need any of the other information
about the feature
Simplifying polygons means reducing the number of points used to render
them. This commit implements simplification such that, for any given
input polygons, the combined point count of the simplified polygons is
less than 100.
When simplifying the polygons we are trying to get the smallest number
of points while meeting these two rules:
1. No part of the area the user has chosen can be cut off
2. The area of the simplified polygon should be as small as possible
This commit introduces two techniques we weren’t using before:
1. Dilating and eroding the area to fill in concave details of the
shape, like inlets and harbours[1]
2. Making the simplification threshold proportionate to the perimeter of
all polygons, so bigger and crinklier polygons get more
simplification applied
It also shows the estimated bleed as a separate polygon. This lets us
make it bigger (so it’s more closer the the approximate bleed) without
having to send a bigger area to the CBC and compounding the amount of
actual bleed.
1. Inspired by this blog post about ‘removing the crinkley bits’ from
Vancouver Island:
http://blog.cleverelephant.ca/2010/11/removing-complexities.html
We’ve shown the broadcast tour to a few users now. We’ve learned what
concepts about broadcasting are and aren’t getting through.
So what we’re emphasising here is:
- the thing that appears on the phone (the ‘emergency alert’) not the
technology (a ‘broadcast’)
- how it’s different to other channels of messaging, eg text
We’ve generally spent a lot more time on the content and illustrations
this time around, so overall it’s should be clearer and shorter.
This also expands the communication of training mode into the header,
so it’s visible on every page (we can add another one for ‘live’
services later on).
We want to let users learn the system by trying it out. At the moment
they can’t explore it fully by themselves because they’re blocked at
the point of approving the broadcast, unless they involve in another
member of their team. Having to involve another person is friction that
will discourage people from exploring.
So this adds a button that lets people approve their own broadcasts in
trial mode, with some rough-and-ready content that explains training
mode and how it would be different to trial mode.
Messages awaiting approval don’t have an end time – it’s set
automatically once the message is approved.
We need to revisit the content on this page, but this is just a fix so
that the page doesn’t `500`.
Adding left margin to the button meant that when it wrapped onto a new
line it didn’t align flush with the left edge of its containing column.
Instead we can:
- move the link outside the list (which is better semantically anyway)
- then add the margin to the last item of the list (which is now the
last selected area, not the link)
Since we added the end time picker:
- we have discovered that broadcasts can’t be longer than 24h
- we have observed that most users confuse picking the end time for
scheduling the message, or don’t understand exactly what it means for
the broadcast to ‘end’
- we’ve developed the concept of ‘training mode’, which you should be
going through before sending a real broadcast
We also think that, for most scenarios, you won’t necessarily know when
a broadcast should end at the time of starting it because the cause of
the danger is not within your control. So giving you control of the
end time before the broadcast has even been approved is a confusing
distraction.
Having to pick a time at all also makes the whole process feel more
planned and less immediate. Whereas in reality all the phones in the
area will be getting the message in seconds. It’s only people coming
into the area later to whom the ‘ongoing’ aspect of the broadcast
applies.
The best place to explain what’s happening with the phones is at the
approval stage and once you’ve sent your first (training mode)
broadcast. It’s easier to explain what’s happened if it’s in direct
response to something you’ve just done.
Later on we should add some kind of email reminder after 12 hours to
make sure you still want the broadcast live, again after 18 hours, etc.
We could let you schedule an end time once the broadcast is live, but
don’t think there’s a strong need. Knowing enough that you want to
cancel is one thing, but knowing enough to want to cancel but wanting to
wait a bit… nah.
Broadcasting is not a precise technology, because:
- cell towers are directional
- their range varies depending on whether they are 2, 3, 4, or 5G
(the higher the bandwidth the shorter the range)
- in urban areas the towers are more densely packed, so a phone is
likely to have a greater choice of tower to connect to, and will
favour a closer one (which has a stronger signal)
- topography and even weather can affect the range of a tower
So it’s good for us to visually indicate that the broadcast is not as
precise as the boundaries of the area, because it gives the person
sending the message an indication of how the technology works.
At the same time we have a restriction on the number of polygons we
think and area can have, so we’ve done some work to make versions of
polygons which are simplified and buffered (see
https://github.com/alphagov/notifications-utils/pull/769 for context).
Serendipitously, the simplified and buffered polygons are larger and
smoother than the detailed polygons we’ve got from the GeoJSON files. So
they naturally give the impression of covering an area which is wider
and less precise.
So this commit takes those simple polygons and uses them to render the
blue fill. This makes the blue fill extend outside the black stroke,
which is still using the detailed polygons direct from the GeoJSON.
At the moment viewing a broadcast is limited to those users who have
the `send_messages` permission.
This doesn’t match how we describe the permissions on the team members
page
This commit makes it so that any team member can see a broadcast that’s
in any state other than `draft`.
If a library has groups, we should show a link instead of selecting the
group directly.
Then we can give the user the choice of selecting the whole of that
group, or specific areas within the group.
For now the only libraries we have with groups are local authorities,
which group electoral wards.
At the moment they will get a ‘technical difficulties’ error if they
try.
We probably want to do something around letting people self-approve
broadcasts in trial mode, but for now just telling them they can’t is a
better experience than ‘technical difficulties’ (and will probably be
close to what they should see on a live service as well).
This is an initial, prototype-quality attempt at introducing some kind
of tour for users new to broadcasting. A lot of the users we’re speaking
to don’t have a good concept of what broadcasting means, which is
causing usability problems down the line.
We did a similar thing in the early days of Notify to explain the
concept of message templates and personalisation.
We recently introduced a form control that lets user choose when a
broadcast ends.
Based on the most recent research participant, we think:
- there is a specific misunderstanding of what this control does
- there is a general low level of understanding of what a ‘broadcast’
means
People will try to understand what a ‘broadcast’ is by using mental
models they have for other kinds of messaging, for example text
messages.
Other kinds of messaging are one-to-one, i.e. they go from a sender to a
recipient. They are not ongoing in any way.
Emails and texts are sent at a time (and for all practicable purposes
are received at that same time). So, when we present the user with
a form that controls time, they might well assume it controls the time
when the message will be sent.
This is a feature we offer for sending messages using a spreadsheet, and
that’s where we’ve borrowed this pattern from.
We reinforce this assumption with the labelling of the form control. By
front-loading it with the word ‘When’ we are playing to the users
confirmation bias, i.e. they are interpreting the meaning of the control
in a way that confirms their prior beliefs about how messaging works.
So this commit does two things:
- re-labels the form to front-load the word ‘End’ not ‘When’
- adds text to the page explaining when the broadcast will start, so
there’s a chance of overriding that confirmation bias
If we can get users to go through this before sending a broadcast for
real, it could help them learn what a broadcast is, and how it differs
from sending text messages.
